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Decreased tumor necrosis factor production during the initial stages of infection correlates with survival during murine gram-negative sepsis.

Secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/cachectin occurs during gram-negative bacterial sepsis in response to macrophage stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) and may play an early pivotal role in the subsequent host response. We sought to determine whether administration of: (1) murine monoclonal antibody directed against endotoxin, (2) steroids, or (3) antimicrobial agents would abrogate TNF production and whether the protective capacity would correlate with TNF levels in an experimental model of murine gram-negative bacterial sepsis. Mice were pretreated with anti-lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibody, gentamicin sulfate, hydrocortisone, or saline and were then challenged with a lethal dose of intraperitoneal Salmonella minnesota. Murine serum TNF levels were measured by the L929 fibroblast cytotoxicity assay. Both gentamicin and anti-lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibody significantly enhanced survival, and TNF activity at 1.5 and 3 hours was significantly suppressed in animals receiving these agents compared with animals that received either steroids or saline. We conclude that agents such as gentamicin, which inhibits bacterial replication, or monoclonal antibodies, which may neutralize lipopolysaccharide, indeed enhance survival, and survival was correlated with a significant reduction in circulating TNF during the early stages of infection.
J L Mayoral, C J Schweich, D L Dunn

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Immune enhancement of yellow fever virus neurovirulence for mice: studies of mechanisms involved.

Enhancement of yellow fever virus neurovirulence for mice by specific antibody was studied with the French neurotropic vaccine strain. Experimental conditions for enhancement required mice between 14 and 40 days old and intraperitoneal administration of a selected monoclonal antibody 24 h before or up to 72 h after intracerebral virus challenge. Virus infectivity titrations were similar in brains of antibody-treated and untreated mice. Virus recovered from brains of mice with enhanced viral infections was neither qualitatively nor quantitatively different from standard virus. Humoral immune responses in enhanced infections were normal, macrophages did not become infected and viraemia was not significant. Both hydrocortisone treatment and complement depletion with cobra venom resulted in prolongation of mouse survival times but virulence enhancement persisted. Antithymocyte serum had no effect on enhancement although it reduced the humoral immune response. It is proposed that virulence enhancement is due to the combined effects of virus-specific antibody on infected cells, complement-mediated cytolysis and resultant host anti-cellular activity. There is no analogy between mechanisms effecting increased arbovirus growth in vitro in the presence of specific antibody and increased yellow fever virus neurovirulence in vivo after parenteral administration of antibody.
E A Gould, A Buckley, B K Groeger, P A Cane, M Doenhoff

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