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#36944251 
2023/03/21
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Role of International Oil Companies in the Net-Zero Emission Energy Transition.
Scientific and engineering capabilities in hydrocarbon supply chains developed over decades in international oil and gas companies (IOCs) uniquely position these companies to drive rapid scale-up and transition to a net zero emission (NZE) economy. Flexible large-scale production of energy carriers such as hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, and other synthetic fuels produced with low- or zero-emission renewable power, nuclear energy, or hydrogen derived from natural gas with carbon capture and storage will enable long-distance transport and permanent storage options for clean energy. Use of energy carriers can overcome the inherent constraints of a fully electrified energy system by providing the energy and power densities, as well as transport and storage capacity required to achieve energy supply and security in a net zero emission economy, and over time allow optimization to the lowest cost for a consumer anywhere on the globe. Expected final online publication date for the , Volume 14 is June 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.Dirk J Smit, Joseph B Powell