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Env Exceptionalism: Why Are HIV-1 Env Glycoproteins Atypical Immunogens?
Recombinant HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins of ever-increasing sophistication have been evaluated as vaccine candidates for over 30 years. Structurally defined mimics of native trimeric Env glycoproteins (e.g., SOSIP trimers) present multiple epitopes for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and their germline precursors, but elicitation of bNAbs remains elusive. Here, we argue that the interactions between Env and the immune system render it exceptional among viral vaccine antigens and hinder its immunogenicity in absolute and comparative terms. In other words, Env binds to CD4 on key immune cells and transduces signals that can compromise their function. Moreover, the extensive array of oligomannose glycans on Env shields peptidic B cell epitopes, impedes the presentation of T helper cell epitopes, and attracts mannose binding proteins, which could affect the antibody response. We suggest lines of research for assessing how to overcome obstacles that the exceptional features of Env impose on the creation of a successful HIV-1 vaccine.P J Klasse, Gabriel Ozorowski, Rogier W Sanders, John P Moore
2628 related Products with: Env Exceptionalism: Why Are HIV-1 Env Glycoproteins Atypical Immunogens?
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#32271008 2020/04/09
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hFUT1-Based Live-Cell Assay To Profile α1-2-Fucoside-Enhanced Influenza Virus A Infection.
Host cell surface glycans play critical roles in influenza virus A (IVA) infection ranging from modulation of IVA attachment to membrane fusion and host tropism. Approaches for quick and sensitive profile of viral avidity toward a specific type of host cell glycan can contribute to the understanding of tropism switching among different IVA strains. Here, we developed a method based on chemoenzymatic glycan engineering to investigate the possible involvement of α1-2-fucosides in IVA infections. Using a truncated human fucosyltransferase 1 (hFUT1), we created α1-2-fucosides on host cells to assess their influence on the host cell binding to IVA hemagglutinin and the susceptibility of host cells toward IVA-induced killing. We discovered that the newly created α1-2-fucosides on host cells enhanced the infection of several human pandemic IVA subtypes either directly or indirectly. These findings suggest that glycan epitopes other than sialic acid should also be considered for assessing the human pandemic risk of this viral pathogen.Senlian Hong, Geramie Grande, Chenhua Yu, Digantkumar G Chapla, Natalie Reigh, Jeong-Yeh Yang, Yi Yang, Ken Izumori, Kelley W Moremen, Jia Xie, Peng Wu
1562 related Products with: hFUT1-Based Live-Cell Assay To Profile α1-2-Fucoside-Enhanced Influenza Virus A Infection.
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#32270793 2020/04/09
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Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection alters the macrophage N-glycome.
Macrophage glycosylation is essential to initiate the host-immune defense but may also be targeted by pathogens to promote infection. Indeed, the alteration of the cell-surface glycosylation status may affect the binding of lectins involved in cell activation and adhesion. Herein, we demonstrate that infection by M. bovis BCG induces the remodeling of the N-glycomes of both human primary blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and macrophage-cell line THP1. MALDI-MS based N-glycomic analysis established that mycobacterial infection induced increased synthesis of biantennary and multifucosylated complex type N-glycans. In contrast, infection of macrophages by M. bovis BCG did not modify the glycosphingolipids composition of macrophages. Further nano-LC-MSn glycotope-centric analysis of total N-glycans demonstrated that the increased fucosylation was due to an increased expression of the Lex (Galβ1-4[Fucα1-3]GlcNAc) epitope, also known as stage-specific embryonic antigen-1. Modification of the surface expression of Lex was further confirmed in both MDM and THP-1 cells by FACS analysis using an α1,3-linked fucose specific lectin. Activation with the mycobacterial lipopeptide Pam3Lp19, an agonist of toll-like receptor 2, did not modify the overall fucosylation pattern, which suggests that the infection process is required to modify surface glycosylation. These results pave the way toward the understanding of infection-triggered cell-surface remodeling of macrophages.Clément Delannoy, Chin Huang, Bernadette Coddeville, Jian-You Chen, Dounia Mouajjah, Sophie Groux-Degroote, Anne Harduin-Lepers, Kay-Hooi Khoo, Yann Guerardel, Elisabeth Elass-Rochard
2570 related Products with: Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection alters the macrophage N-glycome.
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#32270492 2020/04/09
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Selective inhibition of anti-MAG IgM autoantibody binding to myelin by an antigen specific glycopolymer.
Anti-MAG (myelin-associated glycoprotein) neuropathy is a disabling autoimmune peripheral neuropathy that is caused by circulating monoclonal IgM autoantibodies directed against the HNK-1 (human natural killer-1) epitope. This carbohydrate epitope is highly expressed on adhesion molecules such as MAG, a glycoprotein present in myelinated nerves. We previously showed the therapeutic potential of the glycopolymer PPSGG [poly(phenyl disodium 3-O-sulfo-β-d-glucopyranuronate)-(1→3)-β-D-galactopyranoside] in selectively neutralizing anti-MAG IgM antibodies in an immunological mouse model and ex vivo with sera from anti-MAG neuropathy patients. PPSGG is composed of a biodegradable backbone that multivalently presents a mimetic of the HNK-1 epitope. In this study, we further explored the pharmacodynamic properties of the glycopolymer and its ability to inhibit the binding of anti-MAG IgM to peripheral nerves. The polymer selectively bound anti-MAG IgM autoantibodies and prevented the binding of patients' anti-MAG IgM antibodies to myelin of non-human primate sciatic nerves. Upon PPSGG treatment, neither activation nor inhibition of human and murine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) nor alteration of systemic inflammatory markers was observed in mice or ex vivo in human PBMC. Intravenous injections of PPSGG to mice immunized against the HNK-1 epitope removed anti-MAG IgM antibodies within less than one hour, indicating a fast and efficient mechanism of action as compared to a B cell depletion with anti-CD20. In conclusion, these observations corroborate the therapeutic potential of PPSGG for an antigen-specific treatment of anti-MAG neuropathy.Butrint Aliu, Delphine Demeestere, Emilie Seydoux, Jose Boucraut, Emilien Delmont, Alexandre Brodovitch, Thomas Oberholzer, Shahram Attarian, Marie Théaudin, Pinelopi Tsouni, Thierry Kuntzer, Tobias Derfuss, Andreas J Steck, Beat Ernst, Ruben Herrendorff, Pascal Hänggi
1863 related Products with: Selective inhibition of anti-MAG IgM autoantibody binding to myelin by an antigen specific glycopolymer.
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#32270046 2020/04/01
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Epitope-directed antibody selection by site-specific photocrosslinking.
Currently, there are no methods available offering solutions to select and identify antibodies binding to a specific conformational epitope of an antigen. Here, we developed a method to allow epitope-directed antibody selection from a phage display library by photocrosslinking bound antibodies to a site that specifically incorporates a noncanonical amino acid, -benzoyl-l-phenylalanine (pBpa), on the target antigen epitope. By one or two rounds of panning against antibody phage display libraries, those hits that covalently bind to the proximity site of pBpa on specific epitopes of target antigens after ultraviolet irradiation are enriched and selected. This method was applied to specific epitopes on human interleukin-1β and complement 5a. In both cases, more than one-third of hits identified bind to the target epitopes, demonstrating the feasibility and versatility of this method.Longxin Chen, Chaoyang Zhu, Hui Guo, Runting Li, Limeng Zhang, Zhenzhen Xing, Yue Song, Zihan Zhang, Fuping Wang, Xiaofeng Liu, Yuhan Zhang, Runlin Z Ma, Feng Wang
1119 related Products with: Epitope-directed antibody selection by site-specific photocrosslinking.
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#32269766 2020/02/25
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identification of vaccine targets for 2019-nCoV.
The newly identified coronavirus known as 2019-nCoV has posed a serious global health threat. According to the latest report (18-February-2020), it has infected more than 72,000 people globally and led to deaths of more than 1,016 people in China. The 2019 novel coronavirus proteome was aligned to a curated database of viral immunogenic peptides. The immunogenicity of detected peptides and their binding potential to HLA alleles was predicted by immunogenicity predictive models and NetMHCpan 4.0. We report identification of a comprehensive list of immunogenic peptides that can be used as potential targets for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) vaccine development. First, we found 28 nCoV peptides identical to Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS CoV) that have previously been characterized immunogenic by T cell assays. Second, we identified 48 nCoV peptides having a high degree of similarity with immunogenic peptides deposited in The Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). Lastly, we conducted a search of 2019-nCoV 9-mer peptides that i) bind to common HLA alleles in Chinese and European population and ii) have T Cell Receptor (TCR) recognition potential by positional weight matrices and a recently developed immunogenicity algorithm, iPred, and identified in total 63 peptides with a high immunogenicity potential. Given the limited time and resources to develop vaccine and treatments for 2019-nCoV, our work provides a shortlist of candidates for experimental validation and thus can accelerate development pipeline.Chloe Hyun-Jung Lee, Hashem Koohy
1368 related Products with: identification of vaccine targets for 2019-nCoV.
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#32269575 2020/03/25
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Two Is Better Than One: Evidence for T-Cell Cross-Protection Between Dengue and Zika and Implications on Vaccine Design.
Dengue virus (DENV, family , genus ) exists as four distinct serotypes. Generally, immunity after infection with one serotype is protective and lifelong, though exceptions have been described. However, secondary infection with a different serotype can result in more severe disease for a minority of patients. Host responses to the first DENV infection involve the development of both cross-reactive antibody and T cell responses, which, depending upon their precise balance, may mediate protection or enhance disease upon secondary infection with a different serotype. Abundant evidence now exists that responses elicited by DENV infection can cross-react with other members of the genus Flavivirus, particularly Zika virus (ZIKV). Cohort studies have shown that prior DENV immunity is associated with protection against Zika. Cross-reactive antibody responses may enhance infection with flaviviruses, which likely accounts for the cases of severe disease seen during secondary DENV infections. Data for T cell responses are contradictory, and even though cross-reactive T cell responses exist, their clinical significance is uncertain. Recent mouse experiments, however, show that cross-reactive T cells are capable of mediating protection against ZIKV. In this review, we summarize and discuss the evidence that T cell responses may, at least in part, explain the cross-protection seen against ZIKV from DENV infection, and that T cell antigens should therefore be included in putative Zika vaccines.Krishanthi S Subramaniam, Suzannah Lant, Lynsey Goodwin, Alba Grifoni, Daniela Weiskopf, Lance Turtle
2340 related Products with: Two Is Better Than One: Evidence for T-Cell Cross-Protection Between Dengue and Zika and Implications on Vaccine Design.
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#32269566 2020/03/25
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Induction of Cross-Reactive and Protective Antibody Responses After DNA Vaccination With MHCII-Targeted Stem Domain From Influenza Hemagglutinin.
Novel and more broadly protective vaccines against influenza are needed to efficiently meet antigenic drift and shift. Relevant to this end, the stem domain of hemagglutinin (HA) is highly conserved, and antibodies specific for epitopes located to the stem have been demonstrated to be able to confer broad protection against various influenza subtypes. However, a remaining challenge is to induce antibodies against the poorly immunogenic stem by vaccination strategies that can be scaled up for prophylactic vaccination of the general population. Here, we have developed DNA vaccines where the conserved stem domain of HA from influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) and A/Shanghai/2/2013 (H7N9) was targeted toward MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APC) for increased immunogenicity. Each of these vaccines induced antibodies that cross-reacted with other subtypes in the corresponding phylogenetic influenza groups. Importantly, when mixing the MHCII-targeted stem domains from H1N1 and H7N9 influenza viruses into one vaccine bolus, we observed broad protection against candidate stains from both phylogenetic groups 1 and 2.Gunnveig Grødeland, Marta Baranowska-Hustad, Justin Abadejos, Tanya R Blane, John Teijaro, David Nemazee, Bjarne Bogen
1616 related Products with: Induction of Cross-Reactive and Protective Antibody Responses After DNA Vaccination With MHCII-Targeted Stem Domain From Influenza Hemagglutinin.
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#32269150 2020/04/08
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A Common Food Glycan, Pectin, Shares an Antigen with Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsule.
We are exposed daily to many glycans from bacteria and food plants. Bacterial glycans are generally antigenic and elicit antibody responses. It is unclear if food glycans' sharing of antigens with bacterial glycans influences our immune responses to bacteria. We studied 14 different plant foods for cross-reactivity with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against 24 pneumococcal serotypes which commonly cause infections and are included in pneumococcal vaccines. Serotype 15B-specific MAb cross-reacts with fruit peels, and serotype 10A MAb cross-reacts with many natural and processed plant foods. The serotype 10A cross-reactive epitope is 1,6-β-galactosidase [βGal(1-6)], present in the rhamno-galacturonan I (RG-I) domain of pectin. Despite wide consumption of pectin, the immune response to 10A is comparable to the responses to other serotypes. An antipectin antibody can opsonize serotype 10A pneumococci, and the shared βGal(1-6) may be useful as a simple vaccine against 10A. Impact of food glycans should be considered in host-pathogen interactions and future vaccine designs. The impact of food consumption on vaccine responses is unknown. (the pneumococcus) is an important human pathogen, and its polysaccharide capsule is used as a vaccine. We show that capsule type 10A in a pneumococcal vaccine shares an antigenic epitope, βGal(1-6), with pectin, which is in many plant foods and is widely consumed. Immune response to 10A is comparable to that seen with other capsule types, and pectin ingestion may have little impact on vaccine responses. However, antibody to pectin can kill serotype 10A pneumococci and this shared epitope may be considered in pneumococcal vaccine designs.Moon H Nahm, Jigui Yu, Jiri Vlach, Maor Bar-Peled
2536 related Products with: A Common Food Glycan, Pectin, Shares an Antigen with Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsule.
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#32269122 2020/04/08
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Identification of Common CD8+ T cell Epitopes from Lassa Fever Survivors in Nigeria and Sierra Leone.
Early and robust T cell responses have been associated with survival from Lassa fever (LF), but the Lassa virus-specific memory responses have not been well-characterized. Regions within the virus surface glycoprotein (GPC) and nucleoprotein (NP) are the main targets of the Lassa virus-specific T cell responses, but to date only a few T cell epitopes within these proteins have been identified. We identified GPC and NP regions containing T cell epitopes and HLA haplotypes from LF survivors and used predictive HLA binding algorithms to identify putative epitopes which were then experimentally tested using autologous survivor samples. We identified 12 CD8+ T cell epitopes, including epitopes common to both Nigerian and Sierra Leonean survivors. These data should be useful for identification of dominant Lassa virus-specific T cell responses in Lassa fever survivors and vaccinated individuals as well as for designing vaccines that elicit cell mediated immunity. The high morbidity and mortality of associated with clinical cases of Lassa fever together with the lack of licensed vaccines and limited and partially effective interventions make Lassa virus (LASV) an important health concern in its endemic regions in West Africa. Previous infection with LASV protects from disease after subsequent exposure, providing a framework for designing vaccines to elicit similar protective immunity. Multiple major lineages of LASV circulate in West Africa and therefore ideal vaccine candidates should elicit immunity to all lineages. We, therefore, sought to identify common T cell epitopes between Lassa fever survivors from Sierra Leone and Nigeria, where distinct lineages circulate. We identified three such epitopes that derived from highly conserved regions within LASV proteins. In this process, we also identified nine other T cell epitopes. These data should help in the design of an effective pan-LASV vaccine.Saori Sakabe, Jessica N Hartnett, Nhi Ngo, Augustine Goba, Mambu Momoh, John Demby Sandi, Lansana Kanneh, Beatrice Cubitt, Selma D Garcia, Brian C Ware, Dylan Kotliar, Refugio Robles-Sikisaka, Karthik Gangavarapu, Luis M Branco, Philomena Eromon, Ikponmwosa Odia, Ephraim Ogbaini-Emovon, Onikepe Folarin, Sylvanus Okogbenin, Peter O Okokhere, Christian Happi, Pardis C Sabeti, Kristian G Andersen, Robert F Garry, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Donald S Grant, John S Schieffelin, Michael B A Oldstone, Brian M Sullivan